Weather Data

Weather Data

https://doi.org/10.25832/weather_data/2019-04-09

Package version

Description Hourly geographically aggregated weather data for Europe
Notes This data package contains weather data relevant for power system modeling, at hourly resolution, for Europe, aggregated by Renewables.ninja from the NASA MERRA-2 reanalysis. It covers the European countries using a population-weighted mean across all MERRA-2 grid cells within the given country. It also covers Germany’s NUTS-2 zones.
Last changes All European countries
Geographical scope Europe
Documentation Documentation and script (view on GitHub)
Download Data package (zip)
opsd-weather_data-2019-04-09.zip (188 MB)Individual data files (csv, xlsx)
weather_data.csv (580 MB) Alternative file formats  Filter Database (SQLite)
weather_data.sqlite (875 MB)
Meta data README.md
datapackage.json
Input data Not provided
Sources NASA | Renewables.ninja
Report issue Report an issue on Github
Contact Stefan Pfenninger | Iain Staffell
Subscribe Get notified by email for updates
Attribution in Chicago author-date style should be given as follows: “Open Power System Data. 2019. Data Package Weather Data. Version 2019-04-09. https://doi.org/10.25832/weather_data/2019-04-09. (Primary data from various sources, for a complete list see URL).”

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Field documentation

weather data.csv

Field Name Type (Format) Description
utc_timestamp datetime (fmt:%Y-%m-%dT%H%M%SZ) Start of time period in Coordinated Universal Time
BG_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for BG in degrees C
BG_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for BG in W/m2
BG_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for BG in W/m2
EE_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for EE in degrees C
EE_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for EE in W/m2
EE_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for EE in W/m2
ES_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for ES in degrees C
ES_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for ES in W/m2
ES_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for ES in W/m2
FI_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for FI in degrees C
FI_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for FI in W/m2
FI_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for FI in W/m2
GB_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for GB in degrees C
GB_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for GB in W/m2
GB_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for GB in W/m2
GR_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for GR in degrees C
GR_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for GR in W/m2
GR_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for GR in W/m2
HR_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for HR in degrees C
HR_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for HR in W/m2
HR_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for HR in W/m2
HU_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for HU in degrees C
HU_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for HU in W/m2
HU_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for HU in W/m2
IE_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for IE in degrees C
IE_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for IE in W/m2
IE_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for IE in W/m2
IT_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for IT in degrees C
IT_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for IT in W/m2
IT_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for IT in W/m2
LT_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for LT in degrees C
LT_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for LT in W/m2
LT_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for LT in W/m2
LV_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for LV in degrees C
LV_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for LV in W/m2
LV_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for LV in W/m2
NO_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for NO in degrees C
NO_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for NO in W/m2
NO_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for NO in W/m2
PT_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for PT in degrees C
PT_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for PT in W/m2
PT_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for PT in W/m2
RO_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for RO in degrees C
RO_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for RO in W/m2
RO_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for RO in W/m2
SE_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for SE in degrees C
SE_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for SE in W/m2
SE_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for SE in W/m2
SI_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for SI in degrees C
SI_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for SI in W/m2
SI_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for SI in W/m2
SK_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for SK in degrees C
SK_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for SK in W/m2
SK_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for SK in W/m2
AT_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for AT in m/s
AT_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for AT in degrees C
AT_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for AT in W/m2
AT_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for AT in W/m2
BE_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for BE in m/s
BE_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for BE in degrees C
BE_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for BE in W/m2
BE_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for BE in W/m2
CH_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for CH in m/s
CH_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for CH in degrees C
CH_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for CH in W/m2
CH_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for CH in W/m2
CZ_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for CZ in m/s
CZ_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for CZ in degrees C
CZ_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for CZ in W/m2
CZ_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for CZ in W/m2
DE_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE in m/s
DE_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE in degrees C
DE_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE in W/m2
DE_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE in W/m2
DE11_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE11 in m/s
DE11_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE11 in degrees C
DE11_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE11 in W/m2
DE11_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE11 in W/m2
DE12_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE12 in m/s
DE12_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE12 in degrees C
DE12_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE12 in W/m2
DE12_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE12 in W/m2
DE13_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE13 in m/s
DE13_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE13 in degrees C
DE13_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE13 in W/m2
DE13_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE13 in W/m2
DE14_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE14 in m/s
DE14_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE14 in degrees C
DE14_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE14 in W/m2
DE14_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE14 in W/m2
DE21_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE21 in m/s
DE21_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE21 in degrees C
DE21_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE21 in W/m2
DE21_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE21 in W/m2
DE22_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE22 in m/s
DE22_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE22 in degrees C
DE22_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE22 in W/m2
DE22_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE22 in W/m2
DE23_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE23 in m/s
DE23_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE23 in degrees C
DE23_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE23 in W/m2
DE23_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE23 in W/m2
DE24_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE24 in m/s
DE24_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE24 in degrees C
DE24_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE24 in W/m2
DE24_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE24 in W/m2
DE25_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE25 in m/s
DE25_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE25 in degrees C
DE25_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE25 in W/m2
DE25_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE25 in W/m2
DE26_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE26 in m/s
DE26_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE26 in degrees C
DE26_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE26 in W/m2
DE26_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE26 in W/m2
DE27_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE27 in m/s
DE27_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE27 in degrees C
DE27_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE27 in W/m2
DE27_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE27 in W/m2
DE30_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE30 in m/s
DE30_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE30 in degrees C
DE30_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE30 in W/m2
DE30_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE30 in W/m2
DE40_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE40 in m/s
DE40_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE40 in degrees C
DE40_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE40 in W/m2
DE40_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE40 in W/m2
DE50_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE50 in m/s
DE50_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE50 in degrees C
DE50_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE50 in W/m2
DE50_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE50 in W/m2
DE60_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE60 in m/s
DE60_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE60 in degrees C
DE60_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE60 in W/m2
DE60_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE60 in W/m2
DE71_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE71 in m/s
DE71_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE71 in degrees C
DE71_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE71 in W/m2
DE71_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE71 in W/m2
DE72_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE72 in m/s
DE72_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE72 in degrees C
DE72_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE72 in W/m2
DE72_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE72 in W/m2
DE73_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE73 in m/s
DE73_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE73 in degrees C
DE73_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE73 in W/m2
DE73_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE73 in W/m2
DE80_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE80 in m/s
DE80_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE80 in degrees C
DE80_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE80 in W/m2
DE80_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE80 in W/m2
DE91_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE91 in m/s
DE91_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE91 in degrees C
DE91_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE91 in W/m2
DE91_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE91 in W/m2
DE92_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE92 in m/s
DE92_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE92 in degrees C
DE92_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE92 in W/m2
DE92_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE92 in W/m2
DE93_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE93 in m/s
DE93_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE93 in degrees C
DE93_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE93 in W/m2
DE93_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE93 in W/m2
DE94_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DE94 in m/s
DE94_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DE94 in degrees C
DE94_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DE94 in W/m2
DE94_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DE94 in W/m2
DEA1_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEA1 in m/s
DEA1_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEA1 in degrees C
DEA1_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEA1 in W/m2
DEA1_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEA1 in W/m2
DEA2_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEA2 in m/s
DEA2_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEA2 in degrees C
DEA2_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEA2 in W/m2
DEA2_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEA2 in W/m2
DEA3_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEA3 in m/s
DEA3_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEA3 in degrees C
DEA3_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEA3 in W/m2
DEA3_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEA3 in W/m2
DEA4_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEA4 in m/s
DEA4_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEA4 in degrees C
DEA4_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEA4 in W/m2
DEA4_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEA4 in W/m2
DEA5_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEA5 in m/s
DEA5_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEA5 in degrees C
DEA5_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEA5 in W/m2
DEA5_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEA5 in W/m2
DEB1_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEB1 in m/s
DEB1_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEB1 in degrees C
DEB1_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEB1 in W/m2
DEB1_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEB1 in W/m2
DEB2_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEB2 in m/s
DEB2_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEB2 in degrees C
DEB2_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEB2 in W/m2
DEB2_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEB2 in W/m2
DEB3_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEB3 in m/s
DEB3_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEB3 in degrees C
DEB3_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEB3 in W/m2
DEB3_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEB3 in W/m2
DEC0_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEC0 in m/s
DEC0_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEC0 in degrees C
DEC0_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEC0 in W/m2
DEC0_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEC0 in W/m2
DED2_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DED2 in m/s
DED2_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DED2 in degrees C
DED2_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DED2 in W/m2
DED2_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DED2 in W/m2
DED4_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DED4 in m/s
DED4_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DED4 in degrees C
DED4_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DED4 in W/m2
DED4_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DED4 in W/m2
DED5_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DED5 in m/s
DED5_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DED5 in degrees C
DED5_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DED5 in W/m2
DED5_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DED5 in W/m2
DEE0_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEE0 in m/s
DEE0_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEE0 in degrees C
DEE0_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEE0 in W/m2
DEE0_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEE0 in W/m2
DEF0_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEF0 in m/s
DEF0_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEF0 in degrees C
DEF0_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEF0 in W/m2
DEF0_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEF0 in W/m2
DEG0_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DEG0 in m/s
DEG0_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DEG0 in degrees C
DEG0_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DEG0 in W/m2
DEG0_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DEG0 in W/m2
DK_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for DK in m/s
DK_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for DK in degrees C
DK_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for DK in W/m2
DK_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for DK in W/m2
FR_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for FR in m/s
FR_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for FR in degrees C
FR_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for FR in W/m2
FR_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for FR in W/m2
LU_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for LU in m/s
LU_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for LU in degrees C
LU_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for LU in W/m2
LU_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for LU in W/m2
NL_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for NL in m/s
NL_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for NL in degrees C
NL_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for NL in W/m2
NL_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for NL in W/m2
PL_windspeed_10m number (float) windspeed_10m weather variable for PL in m/s
PL_temperature number (float) temperature weather variable for PL in degrees C
PL_radiation_direct_horizontal number (float) radiation_direct_horizontal weather variable for PL in W/m2
PL_radiation_diffuse_horizontal number (float) radiation_diffuse_horizontal weather variable for PL in W/m2